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WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 


THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY 

NEW  YORK   •    BOSTON   •    CHICAGO   -    DALLAS 
ATLANTA  •    SAN  FRANCISCO 

MACMILLAN  &  CO.,  Limited 

LONDON  •  BOMBAY  •  CALCUTTA 
MELBOURNE 

THE  MACMILLAN  CO.  OF  CANADA,  Ltd. 

TORONTO 


- ,-  ^  "^  /  )r 

WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 


BY 

MARK  SULLIVAN 


mm  gorfe 

THE  MACMILLAN  COMPANY 
1918 

All  rights  reserved 


Copyright,  1918 
By  p.  F.  Collier  and  Son 

Copyright,  1918 
By  the  MACMILLAN  COMPANY 


Set  up  and  electrotyped.     Published,  April,  1918 


u 

5'70./ 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 


626812 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 


THE  war  did  not  come  to  us  as 
it  came  to  Belgium.  No  Oregon 
rancher,  working  in  his  field  on  a 
peaceful  afternoon,  was  disturbed  by 
an  odd  whirring  in  the  sunny  air,  and 
looked  toward  Mount  Hood  to  see  an 
airplane  spitting  fire  upon  his  neigh- 
bouring village.  In  no  New  England 
town  did  children  huddle  in  the 
windows  and  peer  at  exultant  Uhlans 
prancing  down  the  maple-shaded 
street.  No  Maryland  farmer  from  his 
hilltop  field  saw  a  thing  that  sent  him 
hurrying  to  the  house  to  gather  his 

children  into  his  cart  and  take  to  the 
1 


2         WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

road  in  fear.  No  city  of  ours  walked 
for  days  in  anxiety,  listening  to  the 
rise  and  fall  of  a  fateful  cannonade. 
War  did  not  thunder  at  our  doors  as  at 
the  forts  of  Liege. 


II 

f~\  F  the  way  that  war  came  to 
^^  Belgium  and  to  France  there 
are  two  pictures  which,  among  Ameri- 
can witnesses,  surpass  all  others  and 
are  unforgetable.  One  is  in  the 
letters  home  of  an  American  woman, 
Miss  Mildred  Aldrich,  who  in  June 
preceding  the  war  had  gone  to  a 
village  in  rural  France  for  rest.  It  is 
part  of  the  irony  of  the  times  that  in 
her  first  letter,  written  six  weeks  be- 
fore the  war  began,  she  should  have 
said:  "I  have  come  to  feel  the  need 
of  calm  and  quiet — perfect  peace." 

Among  the  simple,  friendly  farmers 
she  found  the  gentle  serenity  that  she 
sought.  She  lived  alone  in  her  cot- 
tage, and  used  to  smile  at  herself  for 


4         WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

keeping  up  her  American  precaution 
of  fastening  the  doors  and  windows 
when  she  went  to  bed  at  night.  But 
one  day  the  garde  champetre  with  his 
drum  walked  up  the  country  street, 
stopping  at  each  crossroad  to  beat  the 
long  roll — "A  chill  ran  down  my 
spine,"  she  wrote.  Then  she  began  to 
notice  the  airplanes  hurrying  from 
Paris  to  the  front,  and  at  night  the 
nearby  railway  rumbled  with  the  troop 
trains  going  by.  Presently,  war  rolled 
right  up  to  her  peaceful  door-step,  a 
little  band  of  tired  and  harried 
soldiers  who  said  quite  simply:  "We 
are  all  that  is  left  of  the  North  Irish 
Horse." 

The  other  American,  Brand  Whit- 
lock,  was  Heaven-sent  to  Belgium. 
Not  for  his  administrative  accomplish- 
ments as  our  ambassador;  that  might 
well  have  been  done  as  capably  by  an- 
other.    But  if  a  survey  had  been  made 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!         5 

of  all  the  professional  writers  in 
America,  if  the  acutest  intelligence  had 
been  exerted  to  find  that  one  writer 
with  the  talent  and  the  personality  to 
picture  how  the  greatest  tragedy  in 
history  blasted  its  way  across  the 
peaceful  sunshine  of  August  in  Bel- 
gium, Brand  Whitlock  might  well 
have  been  chosen.  He  had  the  sensi- 
tiveness to  see  and  the  skill  to  make 
vivid. 

"Lovely  Brussels,"  he  wrote,  "was 
lovelier  than  ever,  but  somehow  with 
a  wistful,  waning  loveliness  in- 
finitely pathetic.  All  over  the 
Quartier  Leopold  the  white  fagades 
of  the  houses  bloomed  with  flags,  their 
black  and  red  and  yellow  colours 
transparent  in  the  sunlight;  in  the 
Foret  the  sunlight  filtered  through 
the  leaves,  irradiating  the  green 
boles  of  the  trees,  and  through  the 
hazy  sunlight  that  lay  on  the  fields 


6        WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

the  mound  of  Waterloo  was  outlined 
against  the  sky.  In  the  Bois,  in  the 
midst  of  woodland  peace,  the  chil- 
dren were  playing  and  lovers  whis- 
pered still  their  marvellous  discover- 
ies. Who  .  .  .  can  think  of  those 
days  .  .  .  without  the  memory  of 
that  wonderful  sunlight  which  filled 
them  to  the  brim?  Day  after  day 
went  by,  with  each  new  morning  the 
miracle  was  renewed." 

And  then: 

"The  crash  of  the  music  of  a  mili- 
tary band,  high,  shrill  with  the  fierce, 
screaming  notes,  the  horrid  clang  of 
mammoth  brass  cymbals,  not  music, 
but  noise  of  a  calculated  savagery,  to 
strike  terror.  The  Prussian  officers 
with  cruel  faces  scarred  by  dueling. 
Some  of  the  heavier  type  with  rolls 
of  fat,  the  mark  of  the  beast,  as 
Emerson  calls  it,  at  the  back  of  the 
neck,   and   red,   heavy,   brutal   faces 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!         7 

looking  about  over  the  heads  of  the 
silent,  awed,  saddened  crowd,  with 
arrogant,  insolent,  contemptuous 
faces!  The  heavy  guns  that  lurched 
by,  their  mouths  of  steel  lowered  to- 
ward the  ground.  It  became  terrible, 
oppressive,  unendurable,  monstrous, 
those  black  guns  on  grey  carriages; 
those  field-grey  uniforms,  the  insolent 
faces  of  those  supercilious  young  offi- 
cers; those  dull  plodding  soldiers, 
those  thews  and  sinews,  the  heels  of 
those  clumsy  boots  drumming  on  the 
pavements." 


Ill 

IVTOT  like  that  did  war  come  to  us. 
•^  ^  It  did  not  assault  our  eyes,  our 
ears,  our  nostrils  (some  day  get  Will 
Irwin  to  tell  you  of  the  smell  of  war). 
It  did  not  come  to  us  as  a  thing  spurt- 
ing blood  and  belching  thunder.  To 
us  war  came  rather  as  something  on 
paper,  as  a  thing  of  documents,  and 
statutes  and  refinements  of  interna- 
tional law,  a  thing  of  whereases  and 
therefores.  Moreover,  the  quibbling, 
the  note  writing,  the  refining  of  verbal 
distinctions,  had  been  going  on  for 
more  than  two  years. 

And  war  having  come  to  us  in  this 
way,  there  was  not  in  it  tlie  quality  to 
stir  our  emotions.  "Flag-decked  City 
is  Calm,"  said  the  headline  in  the  New 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!         9 

York  Times  on  the  day  that  President 
Wilson  read  his  message.  And  the 
bloodiest  thing  that  happened  to  us  in 
connection  with  the  war  that  day  was 
recorded  in  headlines  of  the  same  size: 
"Senator  Lodge  Knocks  Down  a  Paci- 
fist." 


IV 

A  ND,  since  the  war  came  to  us  in 
■^  ^  that  way,  the  question  was,  and  at 
the  end  of  a  year  still  is,  have  we  the 
imagination  and  that  sympathy  which 
in  sensitive  peoples  can  take  the  place 
of  eyes  and  ears?  Can  we  know  war 
vicariously,  through  feeling  for  the 
Belgians  and  the  French?  Have  we 
now  the  emotion  of  war?  Are  we 
really  at  war  in  our  hearts?  Have  we 
felt 

"That  leap  of  heart  whereby  a  people  rise 
Up  to  a  noble  anger's  height?" 

Have  we  had  the  thing  that  is  neces- 
sary to  "stiffen  the  sinews,  summon  up 
the  blood,  disguise  fair  nature  with 
hard-favoured  rage?"     That  is  part  of 

10 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       11 

what  is  meant  when  people  talk  of  a 
nation's  "morale."  Germany  thinks 
we  have  not  got  it,  and  there  are  those 
among  the  subtle  who  believe  that  Ger- 
many has  conducted  herself  during  the 
past  years  with  an  eye  to  refraining 
from  anything  that  would  give  us  this 
lofty  anger.  For  the  theory  is  that 
without  this  emotion  a  nation  can  not 
fight  with  the  energy  that  alone  can 
make  effective  war. 

War,  after  all,  when  you  get  down 
to  its  essence,  is  sticking  a  bayonet 
into  another  man's  stomach — and 
pulling  it  out  and  sticking  it  in  again. 
It  is  the  second  thrust  that  is  impor- 
tant; that  can  only  be  inspired  by 
high  anger.  It  is  not  a  thing  that  a 
man  can  do  except  in  emotion.  It  is 
against  all  reason.  It  is  against  ev- 
ery moral  instinct.  It  is  contrary  to 
all  the  habits  of  our  ordered  lives. 
It  cannot  be  done  in  cold  blood.     One 


12       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

wonders  if  it  can  be  done  with  the 
hands,  while  with  the  lips  you  talk 
peace. 

It  is  recognized  that  for  war  every 
nation  needs  this  emotion.  The  ex- 
citement that  supplies  it  comes  some- 
times one  way,  sometimes  another.  In 
the  Civil  War,  the  excitant  was  sup- 
plied by  the  firing  on  the  American 
jSag.  The  people  had  endured  the  se- 
cession of  six  States ;  they  had  endured 
the  formal  organization  of  the  Confed- 
erate Government;  they  had  endured 
the  adoption  by  that  Government  of  a 
permanent  Constitution.  But  there 
was  still  wanting  the  thing  that  would 
make  the  nation  flame.  That  want 
was  supplied  by  the  firing  on  the  flag 
at  Fort  Sumter.  J.  G.  Holland's 
"Life  of  Lincoln"  expresses  it: 

"The  North  needed  just  this.  Such 
a  universal  burst  of  patriotic  indigna- 
tion as  ran  over  the  North  under  the 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       13 

influence  of  this  insult  to  the  National 
flag  has  never  been  witnessed.  It 
swept  away  all  party  lines  as  if  it 
had  been  flame  and  they  had  been 
wax." 

Once  during  this  war  we  had  the 
excitant.     Once    we    had    the    begin- 
nings of  the  emotion.     Once  we  felt 
in  our  hearts  that  rising  flame  which 
bums    out    self   and  fuses    the    indi- 
/idual  into  the  nation.     That  was  the 
norning  after  the  Lusitania  was  sunk, 
vhen  the  German  nation  was  revealed 
0  us  as  something  diff'erent  from  the 
rcrman  friends   we  knew,   as   some- 
hing    else    than    our    smiling,    good- 
atured,  sentimental  friend  of  the  beer 
;arden  and  the  Strauss  waltzes;  when 
Ye  learned  that  the  German  had  sur- 
rendered his  will  and  his  conscience 
and  his  soul,  and  put  them  at  the  dis- 
posal of  the   cruel  will  of  a   pagan 
autocracy.     The   German,   under   the 


14       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

yoke  and  spell  of  that  brutal  will, 
was  revealed  to  us  as  a  man  who  mur- 
ders women  and  children,  and  then 
exults  over  it.  And  they  were  our 
women  and  children,  dependent  on 
our  protection,  trustful  of  our  will  to 
avenge  them.  Perhaps  as  they  went 
down  they  extracted  a  measure  of 
noble  serenity  from  the  thought  that 
their  death  would  not  be  in  vain,  that 
we  would  avenge  them  and  that 
through  them  Belgium  would  be 
avenged,  too;  that  they  were  the  sacri- 
fice chosen  by  fate  to  rouse  this  easy- 
going giant  of  the  West.  And  we 
were  aroused.  Our  blood  did  rise  to 
the  call. 

On  that  sunny  morning  in  May, 
1915,  the  tamest  and  lamest  of  us 
would  have  shouldered  a  rifle.  But 
President  Wilson  thought  that  nego- 
tiation was  better.  He  threw  water 
on  the  rising  flame.     Since  the  Lusi- 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       15 

tania,  now  within  a  few  weeks  of 
three  years  ago,  was  sunk  there  has 
not  been  any  time  when  this  nation 
has  had  the  feeling  of  war,  the  thing 
that  puts  punch  behind  the  bayonet. 
Not  yet. 


■pp  NGLAND'S  first  year  of  the  war 
■*-^  was  completed  a  long  time  ago, 
on  August  4,  1915.  But  what  a  dif- 
ferent first  year  it  was  from  ours! 
On  that  first  anniversary  England  held 
a  solemn  service  in  St.  Paul's  Cathe- 
dral. Solemn  it  well  might  be.  She 
numbered  her  dead  in  hundreds  of 
thousands.  Week  after  week  the 
lists  had  come  back,  a  thousand, 
three  thousand,  five  thousand.  The 
wounded,  the  wreckage  of  war,  thrust 
themselves  on  England's  eyes  in  every 
street  and  country  road.  The  enemy 
had  been  literally  at  her  throat.  He 
had  been  on  her  soil.  England  had 
been  in  the  fire.  She  had  passed 
through  Mons  and  Ypres  and  the  sec- 

16 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       17 

ond  Ypres.  She  had  seen  new  forms 
of  deadi,  ingenious,  monstrous.  She 
had  tasted  horrors — as  we  have  not. 

For  although  we  have  been  for- 
mally in  the  war  for  exactly  a  year  at 
the  time  this  is  written,  we  have  not 
yet  come  to  dread  the  day  that  brings 
the  week's  casualty  list,  nor  learned  to 
cover  with  silence  the  fresh  draft  on 
our  fortitude.  When  we  pick  the 
day's  paper  up,  we  have  not  had  the 
occasion  to  cover  grief  with  serenity, 
as  a  duty  to  our  neighbour  with  a  simi- 
lar grief.  Our  wounded  have  not 
come  limping  back  to  our  doorsteps. 
Our  sons  have  not  come  home  to  us 
in  winding  sheets. 

In  describing  that  solemn  anniver- 
sary service  in  St.  Paul's,  and  sum- 
ming up  the  first  year  of  the  war,  the 
London  Times  was  able  to  say  of  the 
English  people: 

"They  have  borne  the  ordeal  in  a 


18       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

fashion  to  which  their  children  may 
look  back  with  thankfulness  and 
pride.  The  ordeal  has  been  the  hard- 
est they  could  have  been  called  upon 
to  undergo  .  .  .  They  have  made  un- 
precedented sacrifices  of  treasure  and 
blood,  they  have  endured  many  vicissi- 
tudes and  suffered  many  disappoint- 
ments. After  all  their  losses  and 
their  efforts,  the  end  is  still  remote. 
They  know  it,  and  with  one  accord 
they  face  the  situation  with  a  rising 
courage  and  a  gathering  resolve.  No- 
where is  there  a  whisper  of  doubt,  of  a 
shadow  of  irresolution." 

And  right  there  is  the  difference. 
We  have  reached  the  end  of  our  first 
year  of  war.  And — it  is  said  not  in 
any  spirit  of  self-reproach  but  as  a 
simple  record  of  fact — we  have  noth- 
ing yet  to  which  ''''our  children  may 
look  back  with  thankfulness  and 
pride."     We  have  had  no  ordeal;  we 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       19 

have  not  been  touched  by  the  fire. 
The  flower  and  fruit  of  war  is  sacri- 
fice, and  we  have  made  no  sacrifice. 
The  spiritual  gain  of  war  is  sacrifice, 
and  we  have  gained  nothing.  We 
have  reaped  nothing. 
But  all  in  good  time. 


VI 


'T^HE  people  of  the  United  States, 
-*-  during  the  early  weeks  of  the 
present  year,  had  what  might  be  de- 
scribed accurately  as  their  first  shock 
of  war.  It  was  not  much  of  a  shock. 
The  people  awoke  one  morning  to  be 
confronted  with  an  order  from  their 
Government  commanding  them  to  close 
down  some  of  their  shops  and  some  of 
their  places  of  amusement  for  a  half  a 
dozen  days,  more  or  less.  They  got 
very  much  excited  about  that.  In- 
deed, I  know  few  things  so  little  to  our 
national  credit  as  the  chorus  of  angry 
irritation  which  swept  over  the  land 
because  of  that  casual  inconvenience 
to  our  settled  ways.     To  be  sure,  the 

20 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       21 

order  was  awkwardly  conceived  in 
some  of  its  details,  and  was  put  into 
execution  somewhat  precipitately. 
But  it  was  neither  as  awkward  nor  as 
precipitate  as  shells  dropping  into 
your  front  yard,  or  a  hostile  army 
marching  down  your  principal  street. 
In  all  the  angry  outburst  I  can  recall 
but  one  newspaper,  the  New  York 
Globe,  among  those  I  happened  to 
read,  that  took  the  other  note,  remind- 
ing its  readers  that  after  all  we  are 
at  war,  and  I  shall  always  think 
with  pleasure  of  that  one  Southern 
Governor  who,  when  a  New  York  news- 
paper was  soliciting  statements  for  an 
organized  campaign  of  denunciation, 
replied  that  he  did  not  have  access  to 
as  many  of  the  facts  as  Dr.  Garfield 
had,  and  that  in  the  absence  of  such 
knowledge,  he  chose  to  assume  that  the 
order  was  justified  by  some  exigency 
of  a  nation  engaged  in  war. 


22       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

There  could  be  no  surer  sign  that 
psychologically  we  are  not  yet  at  war 
than  the  spirit  in  which  we  received 
that  first  mild  shock,  and  it  did  not 
bode  well  for  our  national  morale 
when,  ultimately,  war  calls  upon  us 
for  real  emergencies  and  sacrifices  of 
the  kind  that  our  Allies  have  come  to 
take  as  a  matter  of  course.  One 
wonders  just  how  deep  our  stores  of 
fortitude  will  turn  out  to  be. 

That  first  shock  last  winter  was  but 
a  premonitory  tremor  compared  to  the 
shocks  that  are  certain  to  come  upon 
us  during  the  next  few  months. 

We  thought  of  that  recent  shock  in 
terms  of  coal,  partly  because  it  came 
from  Dr.  Garfield,  and  partly  because 
Dr.  Garfield,  not  fully  understanding 
it  himself,  phrased  it  in  terms  of  coal. 
In  reality  it  was  not  a  crisis  of  coal, 
but  a  crisis  of  ships.  If  the  events 
which  led  up  to  the  order  were  set 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       23 

down  in  sequence,  they  would  read 
like  this: 

England  cabled  us  a  call  for  sup- 
plies so  urgent  in  its  need  that  any  ex- 
pedient was  justifiable;  the  ships  to 
carry  these  supplies  were  in  American 
harbours  unable  to  sail;  they  were  un- 
able to  sail  because  they  had  not  been 
coaled.  And  the  reason  they  had  not 
been  coaled  was  not  the  lack  of  coal. 
The  coal  was  there — but  the  docks  and 
terminals  were  so  congested  with  every 
sort  of  supplies  that  it  was  impossible 
to  get  the  coal  from  the  sidings  on  to 
the  ships.  Dr.  Garfield's  closing  of 
factories  was  designed  primarily,  not 
to  save  coal,  but  to  prevent  the  further 
accumulation  and  congestion  of  goods 
which  there  were  no  ships  to  carry. 
Now  if  in  February  this  lack  of  ships 
is  an  inconvenience,  in  July  it  is  going 
to  be  a  calamity. 


VII 

THE  American  people  have  got  to 
visualize  this  problem.  They 
have  got  to  put  their  imaginations  on 
it  until  they  realize  it,  and  carry  it 
about  with  them  as  the  most  important 
fact  of  their  lives.  They  must  see  on 
one  side  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  their 
new-bom  army;  they  must  see  on  the 
other  side  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean  the 
food  and  supplies  to  keep  that  army 
alive.  And  they  must  understand  that 
the  only  thing  that  joins  the  two  is  a 
thin  and  fragile  line  three  thousand 
miles  long.  There  are  many  dra- 
matic aspects  to  this  war,  but  I  know 
of  none  so  appealing  as  this  frail  line 
(which  to  most  of  us  is  merely  a  series 
of  dots  upon  a  map),  made  up  of  ex- 

24 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       25 

ceedingly  perishable  ships,  all  too  few 
in  number  at  best,  only  about  one  to 
every  two  or  three  miles — and  every 
few  hours  one  of  them  feels  the 
dreaded  shudder,  topples  and  is  swal- 
lowed up. 

This  picture  is  drawn  to  simplify  es- 
sential truth.  It  is  not  overdramatic. 
That  line  is  the  umbilical  cord  of  our 
little  army,  and  the  submarine  is 
gnawing  at  it  every  hour  of  the  day. 
More  than  that,  it  is  the  alimentary 
canal  for  a  large  part  of  the  Allied 
armies,  of  the  Belgian  people,  and  of 
the  sorely  pressed  women  and  children 
of  England,  France  and  Italy.  Every 
rifle  made  in  America  is  of  no  avail 
unless  it  passes  successfully  from  end 
to  end  of  that  long,  thin  line.  Every 
shell,  every  gun,  every  pound  of  meat, 
every  grain  of  wheat,  every  airplane, 
the  work  of  every  factory  in  the  coun- 
try, every  village  making  Red  Cross 


26       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

bandages,  every  mother  writing  a  let- 
ter to  her  soldier  son,  is  dependent 
upon  the  maintenance  of  that  line, 
and  it  is  not  being  maintained. 

"Not  being  maintained"  is  an  ab- 
straction. The  casual  reader  may 
hurry  over  it  without  really  taking  it 
in.  But  we  all  must  pause  upon  it 
until  we  do  take  it  in.  We  must 
brood  upon  it.  We  must  force  our 
imaginations  to  grapple  with  this 
statement,  until  we  can  visualize  it, 
until  we  understand  what  it  means  in 
terms  of  life  and  death.  Every 
mother  must  see  her  son  at  the  head 
of  a  trench,  in  that  ultimate  contest 
of  hand  and  will,  to  which  war  sooner 
or  later  comes.  She  must  see  him 
alone,  fighting  for  life,  for  his  per- 
sonal life,  pouring  out  his  bullets  and 
his  strength  as  he  must;  she  must  see 
him  at  the  first  moment  when  it  comes 
upon   him   that   his   bullets   and   his 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       27 

strength  are  running  low;  she  must 
see  him  in  a  second  of  respite  turning 
his  head  to  see  if  help  is  coming,  if 
more  bullets  are  being  brought  to  him, 
if  a  comrade  is  hurrying  to  his  sup- 
port; she  must  see  that  quick  back- 
ward look  again  and  again,  until  at 
last  there  is  despair  in  it.  She  must 
know  that  if  help  does  not  come  it  is 
because  there  was  not  at  that  spot  the 
quantity  that  we  call  enough,  that 
quantity  than  which  one  bullet  less  is 
failure.  And  if  there  is  not  enough, 
it  is  because  of  one  thing:  the  bullets 
were  at  the  factory  in  abundant 
plenty,  the  soldiers  were  called  and 
trained  and  ready  in  the  cantonments; 
but  somewhere  in  that  long  thin  line, 
from  the  lone  outpost  on  the  battle 
front,  back  to  the  bullets  factory  in 
Pennsylvania,  the  weakest  link  had 
failed.     And  our  weakest  link  is  ships. 


VIII 

fi^rrijjE  secret  of  war  is  the  secret 
-*•    of     communications^ — Napo- 
leon. 

"The  direction  of  military  affairs 
is  not  half  of  the  work  of  a  general; 
to  establish  and  guard  the  communi- 
cations is  more  important." — Napo- 
leon. 

"Any  organization  intended  to 
maintain  the  efEciency  of  armies  in  the 
field  must  depend  on  communications 
with  home  being  properly  main- 
tained."—  Von  Schellendorff: 
"The  Duties  of  the  General  Staff." 

"The  best  system  of  communications 
is  powerless  if  there  is  no  transport." 
— FuRSE :  "Lines  of  Communication  in 
War." 

28 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       29 

"It  is  an  axiom  that  no  army  in  the 
field  can  exist  for  a  long  time  in  an 
efficient  condition  unless  it  has  safe 
communications  with  its  base." — 
Furse:  "Lines  of  Communication  in 
War." 

"The  lines  of  communication  .  .  . 
are  to  be  considered  as  so  many  great 
vital  arteries." — Clausewitz. 

"The  attacker  should  deprive  the 
enemy  of  his  communications  without 
abandoning  his  own." — JOMINI. 

"Special  protection  is,  in  addition, 
required  for  the  lines  of  communica- 
tions of  the  army,  by  which  all  the 
necessaries  of  life  are  brought  up  to 
it." — Von  der  Goltz:  "The  Conduct 
of  War." 

"The  main  roads  in  rear  of  an  ad- 
vancing army  should  never  be  allowed 
to   become   empty.  .  .  .  The   boldest 


30       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

and  best  plan  will  lead  to  ultimate 
failure,  if  the  available  resources  do 
not  hold  out  until  we  have  successfully 
gained  the  final  objective,  the  attain- 
ment of  which  ensures  peace." — 
Clausewitz. 

"The  defender  will  often  have 
to  abandon  advantageous  positions 
merely  for  the  purpose  of  securing 
his  lines  of  communication." — Von 
DER  GoLTz:  "The  Conduct  of  War." 

"The  lines  of  communication  should 
be  made  secure  before  everything." — 
Von  DER  GoLTZ:  "The  Conduct  of 
War." 

"Further  than  this  only  general 
ideas  can  be  drawn  up  for  future  ac- 
tion. As  a  rule,  they  will  direct  at- 
tention to  separating  the  enemy  from 
his  most  important  communications, 
without  which  the  further  existence  of 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       31 

his  forces  is  imperilled.  This  is  the 
easiest  method  of  destroying  the 
enemy  in  the  sense  in  which  we  use  the 
term  in  military  language." — Von  der 
GoLTZ:  "The  Conduct  of  War." 


IX 


'T'HE  British  Admiralty  tells  us 
-■-  once  a  week  through  the  news- 
papers that  the  submarines  have  sunk 
ten  ships,  or  eight  ships,  or  twenty 
ships  "of  over  1,600  tons" — that  is 
their  phrase  and  in  a  way  it  has  lulled 
us  to  sleep.  The  layman  neglects  the 
M'^ord  "over";  in  his  mind  he  hastily 
multiplies  1,600  by  ten,  or  even 
twenty;  he  thinks  that  doesn't  sound 
very  serious,  and  turns  to  the  sporting 
page.  But  what  the  British  Admiralty 
knows,  and  what  our  Shipping  Board 
knows,  and  what  every  practical  ship- 
ping man  knows,  is  that  "over  1,600 
tons"  really  means  over  5,000  tons. 
Get   that   formula:    over    1,600   tons 

means  5,000  tons.     And  the  British 
32 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       33 

Admiralty  knows,  and  our  Shipping 
Board  knows,  that  during  a  week 
when  twenty  ships  "of  over  1,600 
tons"  are  reported,  the  actual  tonnage 
sunk  by  the  submarines,  including 
smaller  ships  and  French  ships  and 
American  ships  and  neutral  ships,  is 
about  150,000.  And  they  know  fur- 
ther that  during  the  same  week  the 
amount  of  new  shipping  built  by  all 
the  yards  in  all  the  Allied  world  was 
less  than  half  the  amount  sunk  by  sub- 
marines. And  they  know  further,  as 
well  as  any  man  can  know  anything 
about  the  future,  that  the  balance  in 
favour  of  the  submarine  is  going  to  be 
maintained  for  an  indefinite  time  to 
come. 

I  say  "an  indefinite  time  to  come." 
And  it  is  literally  that.  Of  course,  if 
the  war  continues  into  1919,  and  if  we 
are  given  time  to  get  our  shipbuilding 
under    way — the    everlastingly    long 


34       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

time  that  our  inefficiency  demands — 
and  if  the  Germans  don't  increase  their 
submarine  building  as  fast  as  we  in- 
crease our  shipbuilding,  the  time  will 
come  when  we  may  reduce  this  appal- 
ling proportion  in  the  submarine's 
favour.  But  that  time  is  in  the  indefi- 
nite future.  The  official  promisers 
hope  that  by  the  end  of  this  year  we 
shall  have  reduced  the  proportion  to 
only  4  to  3  in  the  submarine's  favour. 
But  imagine  that  proportion  as  the  ex- 
pression of  a  hope! 


X 


TT  is  true  we  may  increase  our  new 
•*-  construction.  But  when  you  put 
the  word  "may"  before  your  verb,  you 
are  dealing  in  hope,  luck,  and  blue 
sky.  You  can  plan,  you  can  "lay 
down  a  program,"  as  they  say;  you 
can  promise  and  get  promises  in  re- 
turn— but  you  cannot  be  sure.  You 
cannot  foresee  how  accidents,  or  blind 
fate,  or  the  forces  of  nature,  may  work 
against  you. 

The  grim  and  ominous  fact  is  that 
England,  with  all  the  desperation  of 
her  need,  with  all  the  warning  she  has 
had,  with  all  the  intelligence  and 
energy  which  she  has  put  into  the  ef- 
fort to  build  more  ships,  is  actually 

building    fewer    ships.     Her    output 
35 


36       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

during  the  early  months  of  1918  is 
only  from  a  half  to  three-quarters  of 
her  output  during  the  late  months  of 
1917.  The  explanation  given  is  that 
the  men  are  weary,  that  they  have 
passed  the  high  point  of  their  capacity 
to  do  more  even  under  pressure  of 
great  need;  that  their  second  wind  has 
come  and  gone,  that  human  nature 
can  do  no  more.  In  this  we  get  a 
hint  of  what  is  meant  by  the  phrase 
'*a  war  of  exhaustion." 

We,  in  America,  are  not  weary,  for 
we  have  not  exerted  ourselves.  We 
may  increase  our  new  construction  in 
time.  But  what  I  am  willing  to  as- 
sert is  that  during  the  year  1918,  now 
upon  us,  we  shall  not  increase  it 
to  the  necessary  point.  And  what  a 
cautious  man  will  consider  when  he 
is  in  the  world  of  "may"  is  what  are 
the  Germans  likely  to  do  in  the  way 
of  increasing  their  submarines.     On 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       37 

this  point,  the  one  thing  we  know  cer- 
tainly is  that  they  have  already  in- 
creased their  speed  and  range.  That 
fact  is  in  the  world  of  "is."  I  can- 
not see  why  they  should  not  be  able 
to  increase  the  number  of  their  sub- 
marines as  fast  as  we  increase  the 
number  of  targets  for  them.  It  was 
just  a  little  over  a  year  ago  that  the 
Germans  adopted  their  unrestricted 
submarine  policy.  Presumably,  since 
they  committed  their  fortunes  to  it, 
they  have  settled  upon  a  policy  of 
maximum  submarine  building.  As  it 
takes  about  a  year  for  such  a  pro- 
gram of  ship  construction  to  get  under 
way,  we  may  assume  that  the  Ger- 
man submarine  builders  are  just  now 
getting  into  their  stride. 

But  let  us  stay  out  of  the  world  of 
speculation.  Let  us  get  into  the 
world  of  past  and  present.  In  the 
realm  of  known  facts  this  is  the  un- 


38       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

escapable  truth :  For  every  one  ton  of 
new  ships  built  in  1917  by  all  the  Al- 
lies and  all  the  neutrals,  the  sub- 
marines sank  more  than  two  tons. 
And  that  proportion  continues  up  to  the 
hour  when  these  words  are  being  writ- 
ten, late  in  March,  1918. 

The  facts  are  put  thus  in  order  to  be 
simple  and  to  arrive  at  a  form  of  state- 
ment which  can  be  readily  understood 
and  indisputably  proved.  Shipping 
tonnage  is  a  complex  subject,  and  this 
complexity  is  one  of  the  conditions  that 
have  put  a  fog  about  it  and  kept  the 
public  from  being  aware  of  the  coming 
crisis.  When  the  British  Admiralty 
speaks  of  tonnage,  it  means  gross  tons ; 
when  our  Shipping  Board  speaks  of 
tonnage,  it  means  dead  weight  tons; 
and  many  commercial  authorities  and 
newspapers,  when  they  speak  of  ton- 
nage, mean  yet  other  things,  net  ton- 
nage,   or    measurement    tonnage,    or 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       39 

displacement  tonnage.  These  tech- 
nicalities need  not  be  explained  here. 
What  the  reader  is  assured  is  this :  that 
the  tons  which  the  submarines  are 
sinking  are  the  same  kind  of  tons  that 
the  Allies  and  neutrals  are  building, 
and  that  the  record  up  to  the  present  is 
more  than  two  to  one  in  favour  of  the 
submarine. 


XI 

"TVURING  1917,  the  submarine  de- 
•*-^  stroyed  6,618,623  tons.  During 
the  same  year.  Great  Britain's  entire 
new  building  was  but  1,163,474  tons. 
The  next  largest  builder  was  our- 
selves; we  turned  out  just  about  1,- 
000,000  tons.  After  these  two,  there 
are  no  countries  that  do  enough  ship- 
building to  count  in  such  totals  as  the 
submarine  makes  us  deal  in.  All  the 
other  Allies,  France,  Italy,  Japan,  and 
in  addition  to  them  all  the  neutrals, 
Norway,  Holland,  Spain — all  told, 
produced  only  539,871. 

Add  together  all  that  was  done  by 
all  the  Allied  countries  and  all  the 
neutral  countries,  all  the  world  out- 
side of  Germany  and  Austria,  and  you 

40 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       41 

have  but  2,703,345  tons.  And  the 
submarines  destroyed  just  two  and  a 
half  times  as  many. 

But  the  case  is  really  worse  than 
that.  It  is  only  the  sinkings  that  are 
reported.  The  public  is  not  informed 
of  the  ships  which  the  submarines 
have  incapacitated,  which  are  towed 
limping  to  port,  and  which  often  turn 
out  to  be  a  more  or  less  total  loss. 
Nor  is  any  account  taken  of  the  ships 
which  are  put  out  of  commission 
through  the  normal  operation  of  acci- 
dent or  other  misadventure.  This 
source  of  loss  is  greater  now  than  dur- 
ing peace  times,  for  ships  are  badly 
manned;  they  run  without  lights,  and 
in  the  emergencies  of  war  they  take  big 
chances.  Nor  is  any  estimate  given — 
it  would  be  hard  to  make  an  estimate 
— of  the  loss  of  service  due  to  the 
slowness  of  operation  forced  upon 
ships   by    guarding   against   the   sub- 


42       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

marine,  the  waiting  for  convoys,  the 
low  speed  entailed  when  every  ship 
must  wait  upon  the  slowest  in  the  con- 
voy, the  inability  to  use  some  ports, 
the  congestion  of  others. 

However,  you  grow  desperate  with 
trying  to  explain  it  with  figures. 
What  you  feel  like  doing  is  to  shout  to 
Heaven  that  the  submarine  is  beating 
the  builders  at  the  rate  of  two  to  one; 
that  we  are  facing  a  crisis ;  that  unless 
we  Americans  can  now,  this  year,  pull 
ourselves  together  and  turn  out  as 
much  tonnage  in  one  month  as  we 
turned  out  in  the  whole  year  of  1917 
the  world  will  suffer  a  calamity  that 
you  hesitate  to  put  in  words. 


XII 

"PEOPLE  do  not  realize  what  a  rela- 
-*-  tively  frail  thing  and  what  a 
relatively  small  thing  this  tonnage  is, 
the  one  institution  upon  which  our 
civilization,  at  the  moment,  depends 
— the  one  thing  that  enables  the  na- 
tions to  join  hands  with  each  other, 
the  fragile  tiling  upon  which  they  rely 
for  the  comfort  of  communication,  the 
stimulus  and  cheer  of  mutual  help. 

All  the  ocean-going  ships  now  in  the 
Atlantic  Ocean  could  be  floated  side 
by  side  in  a  not  very  big  harbour. 
Their  total  surface  would  not  be  as 
large  as  a  country  town  or  a  large 
Western  farm.  And  if  a  few  sub- 
marines got  at  them,  they  would  work 
irreparable  havoc  among  them  in  half 

43 


44       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

an  afternoon.  All  the  available  ships 
now  remaining  afloat  in  the  Allied  and 
neutral  world  do  not  aggregate  more 
than  about  30,000,000  tons.  And  the 
submarine  is  sinking  just  about  a 
quarter  of  them  this  present  year. 

When  you  state  it  diat  way,  you 
tliink  of  four  years  as  the  critical  pe- 
riod. There  is  something  just  like 
this  about  the  whole  subject — some- 
thing that  tends  to  send  your  mind  off^ 
on  wrong  trails  into  a  false  security. 
It  is  not  when  the  last  Allied  ship  is 
sunk  that  the  qrisis  will  come.  Star- 
vation does  not  wait  on  a  nation  until 
the  last  loaf  of  bread  has  been  eaten. 
Starvation  begins  when  the  food  sup- 
ply falls  a  certain  percentage,  a  not 
very  large  percentage,  below  normal. 
And  the  Allied  shipping  has  long  been 
below  normal.  As  long  ago  as  Jan- 
uary 1,  1917,  before  we  were  in  the 
war,  before  our  army  added  to  the 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       45 

need,  the  British  estimated  that  ship- 
ping had  fallen  more  than  300  vessels 
below  their  normal  requirements. 
And  bear  in  mind  that  our  entrance 
into  the  war  does  not  help,  but  makes 
worse,  the  shortage  of  shipping. 

At  the  present  speed  of  operation, 
it  takes  a  ton  of  shipping  a  year  to 
carry  one  soldier  to  France — to  carry 
one  soldier  just  in  his  clothes  without 
any  supplies.  To  keep  him  supplied 
with  food  and  rifles  and  ammunition 
and  guns  and  shells  and  trucks  and 
airplanes  and  locomotives  and  rails, 
takes  an  amount  of  shipping  variously 
estimated  at  from  four  to  ten  tons. 
Call  it  six  tons,  and  you  will  have  light 
on  some  of  the  talk  that  we  have  heard 
and  read  about  what  we  are  going  to 
do.  It  has  been  said  in  high  quarters 
that  we  must  send  seven  million  sol- 
diers. And  so  we  ought,  and,  prob- 
ably,  ultimately  must.     But  to  talk 


46       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

about  that  in  the  present  condition  of 
our  shipping  is  a  grotesque  joke. 
To  send  seven  million  soldiers  and 
keep  them  supplied  would  take  about 
twice  as  many  ships  as  are  now  on  all 
the  oceans  of  the  world.  To  send  two 
million  soldiers  would  consume  the 
capacity  of  nearly  half  the  ships  afloat. 
And  this  would  be  in  addition  to  pres- 
ent needs,  which  are  already  so  great 
that  a  crisis  is  in  sight. 

After  Secretary  Baker's  testimony 
before  a  Senate  investigating  commit- 
tee early  this  year,  the  Washington 
Times  ran  a  headline  which  read: 

BAKER  DECLARES  1,500,000  WILL 
BE  IN  FRANCE  IN  1918. 

And  the  New  York  Herald's  headline, 
equally  positive  and  equally  definite, 
gave  the  figure  as  "2,000,000."  Now 
the  fact  is  Secretary  Baker  did  not  say 
that.     He  didn't  say  we  would  have 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       47 

2,000,000  soldiers  in  France  this  year. 
He  didn't  say  we  would  have  1,500,- 
000  soldiers  in  France  this  year.  He 
didn't  say  we  would  have  1,000,000 
soldiers  in  France  this  year.  What  he 
did  say  was  this:  "We  will  have 
more  than  a  half  million  men  in 
France  early  in  1918." 

And  at  that  the  Secretary  is  taking  a 
considerable  chance.  It  would  be  in- 
teresting to  check  the  figures  up  on 
July  1.  If,  in  order  to  make  a  record, 
he  does  send  enough  more  soldiers  to 
make  up  half  a  million,  he  will  run 
the  risk  of  embarrassing  the  British 
and  French,  who  are  dependent  on  us 
for  supplies.  And  if  he  gets  half  a 
million  American  soldiers  into  France 
during  the  first  half  of  the  year,  it  will 
be  most  interesting  to  watch  what  hap- 
pens the  second  half. 

As  soon  as  you  get  half  a  million 
soldiers   into   France   at  our  present 


48       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

speed  of  operation,  and  considering 
the  bulky  nature  of  some  of  the  things 
we  must  send,  like  airplanes,  you  have 
permanently  mortgaged  three  million 
tons  of  shipping  to  keep  them  sup- 
plied. But  the  public,  which  glances 
at  the  headlines  and  doesn't  read  tlie 
testimony,  thinks  we  are  going  to  have 
a  million  and  a  half  or  two  million 
soldiers  in  France  this  year.  Thus 
another  brick  is  laid  in  the  structure 
of  complacency  which  the  American 
people  have  been  building  up.  That 
brick  will  be  used  to  hurl  at  some- 
body a  few  months  later  on,  when  the 
structure  comes  tumbling  down. 

Of  course,  the  careless  and  hasty 
headline  writer  is  to  blame.  But 
there  is  an  additional  explanation.  I 
think  Secretary  Baker  is  a  little  to 
blame.  Rather,  I  should  say  he  is 
partially  responsible — but  not  so  much 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       49 

to  blame.  There  is  something  about 
this  subject  of  shipping,  a  psycholog- 
ical quality  which  lends  itself  to 
equivocal  construction.  Everybody  in 
official  Washington  is  that  way  when 
talking  for  publication  about  ships  and 
submarines.  And  so  this  false  sense 
of  security  about  the  submarine  has 
grown  up. 

I  think  the  explanation  is  this:  the 
official  custodian  of  the  facts  about 
the  submarine  is  England.  The  few 
people  in  Washington  who  have  the 
figures  at  all  have  them  as  an  official 
secret  from  the  British  Admiralty. 
For  purposes  of  its  own  that  may  be 
good  or  not,  official  England  has 
chosen  to  be  cryptic  about  the  facts. 
And  official  Washington  feels  under  an 
obligation  to  respect  England's  wishes, 
whether  it  thinks  secrecy  good  judg- 
ment   or   not — and    so,    whenever    a 


50       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

Washington  official  touches  the  subject 
of  ships  and  submarines  at  all,  he  does 
it  with  an  air  of  pussy-footing  which 
leads  the  public  to  a  false  impression 
of  security. 


Xtll 

FOR  over  a  year,  ever  since  the  "un- 
restricted" form  of  submarine 
warfare  began,  the  proportion  has 
been  steadily  and  continuously  more 
than  two  to  one  in  favour  of  the  sub- 
marine. During  all  that  time  we  have 
lived  through  a  rapidly  accelerating 
diminution  of  ships.  And  yet,  during 
all  that  time  we  have  seen  nothing  in 
the  newspapers  in  the  nature  of  warn- 
ing. Nor  have  we  received  any  warn- 
ing from  public  men,  except  one  that 
came  from  former  Chairman  Denman 
of  the  Shipping  Board  in  May,  1917, 
and  which  though  repeated  in  June 
and  July,  went  unheeded. 

Uniformly,    the    headlines    in    the 
newspapers  have  sounded  optimistic, 

51 


52       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

as  if  the  submarine  were  a  peril  that 
had  passed,  as  if,  somehow,  we  had 
eluded  it,  and  that  the  laugh  was  on 
the  Germans.  Minor  aspects  of  the 
situation  would  be  picked  out  and  ex- 
ploited, like  this:  "U.  S.  Adds  More 
Tonnage  Than  Submarine  Sinks." 
Now  that  headline  was  quite  true,  so 
far  as  it  went.  The  United  States, 
by  taking  over  the  German  and 
Austrian  ships,  did  add  more  to  Amer- 
ican tonnage  than  the  submarine  sunk 
— of  American  tonnage.  For  there 
was  very  little  American  tonnage  for 
the  submarine  to  sink.  The  fact  dis- 
closed in  this  particular  piece  of  news 
meant  nothing  as  respects  the  sub- 
marine situation  as  a  whole.  But  the 
American  reader  got  the  idea  that 
everything  was  all  right. 

The  pages  of  this  book  could  be 
filled  with  headlines  from  American 
newspapers  during  the  past  year,  all 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       53 

giving  an  optimistic  slant  to  the  news 
about  the  submarine.  Whenever  a 
week  came  in  which  the  submarine 
sunk  one  or  two  ships  less  than  the 
previous  week,  the  newspapers  pro- 
claimed "Submarine  Effectiveness 
Failing."  Whenever  some  enthusiast 
thought  he  had  invented  a  non-sinkable 
ship,  the  newspapers  told  tlie  story  at 
length  and  on  the  first  page.  But 
when  the  naval  experts  got  around  to 
laughing  the  invention  out  of  court, 
the  newspapers  made  nothing  of  that 
news. 

It  was  not  deliberate  deception  on 
the  part  of  the  newspapers  and  the 
headline  writers.  Partly,  they  were 
catering  to  our  national  psychology. 
We  like  to  hear  the  thing  of  which 
we  can  boast,  and  we  shrink  from  the 
facts  that  bring  duty  and  sacrifice  be- 
fore our  eyes. 

In  some  cases  the  writers  were  as 


54       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

much  misled  as  the  rest  of  us.  It 
wasn't  their  business  to  get  all  the  facts 
about  the  submarine  together  and  find 
out  the  true  direction  of  events.  In 
the  nature  of  things  the  headline 
writer  cannot  be  held  to  a  standard  of 
complete  knowledge  on  all  the  subjects 
he  deals  with.  To  have  all  these  facts 
together  was  the  business  of  the  British 
Admiralty.  Indeed,  the  British  Ad- 
miralty throughout  the  year  followed 
a  deliberate  policy  of  keeping  the 
facts  away  from  the  public.  They 
knew  what  the  facts  were,  and  they 
knew  what  the  public  thought  the  facts 
were ;  and  they  did  nothing  about  it. 


XIV 

T  HAVE  been  at  some  pains  to  find 
-*-  out  what  was  the  motive  of  the 
British  Admiralty  in  concealing  the 
facts,  and  giving  out  such  reports  as 
they  did  give  out  in  the  cryptic  form  of 
"ships  under  1,600  tons"  and  "ships 
over  1,600  tons."  The  reason  I  got 
was  this:  that  the  submarine  com- 
mander never  or  rarely  can  know  the 
size  of  the  ship  he  sinks;  his  only  op- 
portunity to  look  at  her  lasts  but  a  few 
seconds ;  the  consequence  is  he  usually 
goes  home  and  reports  to  the  German 
navy  that  he  has  sunk  a  bigger  ship 
than  he  really  has;  that  later  the  true 
facts  come  out:  that  this  makes  friction 
between  the  submarine  crews  and  the 

navy  officials  in  Berlin;  and  that  all 
55 


56       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

this  helps  to  break  down  German 
morale.  That  is  the  reasoning  as 
given  to  me.  It  sounds  pretty  ten- 
uous and  far-fetched.  Possibly  the 
British  Admiralty  did  not  realize  how 
seriously  the  American  reader,  who 
knows  so  much  less  of  shipping  than 
the  English  reader,  would  miscon- 
strue the  phrase  "over  1,600  tons." 
To  every  shipping  man,  the  phrase 
meant  an  average  of  over  5,000  tons. 
But  shipping  men  are  very  rare  in 
America.  If  the  information  had 
come  to  us  in  terms  of  5,000  tons,  the 
delusion  would  not  have  lasted  so  long. 
The  loss  of  a  ship  of  5,000  tons  might 
have  impressed  us  for  what  it  is,  a 
very  serious  matter.  A  ship  of  5,000 
tons  is  a  big  and  complex  machine. 
To  build  it  took,  all  told,  from  plates 
to  completion,  the  work  of  a  thousand 
men  for  a  period  of  several  months. 
Equivocation  in  a  good  cause  is  dan- 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       57 

gerous  business.  Equivocation  be- 
gun for  the  purpose  of  deceiving  the 
Germans  led  to  some  things  which 
have  been  unpleasantly  close  to  equiv- 
ocation for  the  sake  of  deceiving  Eng- 
lishmen and  Americans.  The  British 
Admiralty  several  times  picked  out 
minor  and  immaterial  aspects  of  the 
whole  case,  and  told  the  public  and 
parliament,  in  terms  of  the  graphic 
charts  on  which  statistics  are  kept, 
that  "the  curves  are  satisfactory."  As 
a  matter  of  fact,  there  is  only  one 
graphic  chart  that  shows  the  true  net 
of  the  situation. 

Submarine  sinkings  may  rise  or  fall 
in  comparison  with  previous  months; 
the  destruction  of  submarines  by  de- 
stroyers may  rise;  but  the  only  true 
net  is  diis:  the  comparison  of  sub- 
marine sinkings  with  new  construction, 
i.e.,  the  state  of  the  whole  volume  of 
shipping  afloat  in  the  Allied  and  neu- 


58       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

tral  world — Is  it  holding  its  own? 
Is  it  being  increased  or  decreased? 
A  graphic  method  of  showing  that 
for  the  first  year  of  "unrestricted"  sub- 
marine warfare  would  look  like  this: 

Tonnage  sunk  by  submarines 
New  tonnage  built 

Sir  Eric  Geddes,  on  the  anniversary 
of  the  German  policy  of  unrestricted 
sinking,  February  1,  gave  out  a  state- 
ment which  included  this  sentence: 
"The  submarine  is  held."  Naturally 
that  phrase  of  cryptic  optimism  was 
the  one  which  found  its  way  into  the 
headlines.  Now,  if  Sir  Eric  meant  that 
statement  in  the  narrow  sense,  that  the 
submarine  is  not  sinking  more  ships 
per  week,  or  per  month,  than  for- 
merly, he  may  possibly  get  away  with 
it.  But  if  he  meant  it  in  the  sense 
that  the  American  public  took  it,  he 
cannot  defend  it.     The  natural  mean- 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       59 

ing  of  that  sentence  is  that  the  amount 
of  shipping  afloat  is  not  being  reduced. 
And  in  that  sense  the  statement  is 
fatally  incorrect. 

Another  of  the  optimistic  statements 
given  out  by  the  newspapers  on  Feb- 
ruary 1,  contained  the  assertion  that 
Great  Britain  built  last  year  2,850,000 
tons.  That  statement  contains  about 
150  per  cent,  of  inaccuracy.  The 
true  amount  of  tonnage  built  by  Great 
Britain  in  1917  was  1,163,474— a 
figure  ominously  below  her  normal 
output  of  new  tonnage.  And  it  is  the 
output  of  new  tonnage  in  its  relation 
to  submarine  sinkings — the  two  taken 
together — that  really  shows  the  true 
condition. 

Under  pressure  of  widespread 
questioning,  late  in  March  of  the  pres- 
ent year,  the  British  authorities  gave 
out  some  of  the  figures  which  they  had 
previously  kept  secret.     But  again,  as 


60       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

always,  they  put  out  their  statement  in 
such  a  form  and  accompanied  by  such 
an  atmosphere  of  optimistic  inference, 
as  was  likely  to  leave  the  public  undis- 
turbed. The  figures,  so  far  as  they 
went,  were  complete  and  detailed,  and 
that  fact  too  was  calculated  to  give  the 
public  a  false  sense  of  assurance. 
But,  complete  and  detailed  as  the  fig- 
ures were,  their  arrangement  was  mis- 
leading. The  public  do  not  analyse 
the  figures  for  themselves;  neither,  un- 
happily, do  the  writers  of  the  news- 
paper headlines.  Both  the  public  and 
the  headline  writers  deal  in  phrases 
and  impressions,  and  so  again  we  have 
the  chorus  of  "Submarine  Situation 
Improves." 

The  British  Admiralty  went  back  to 
the  beginning  of  the  war  in  August, 
1914,  and  gave  the  total  submarine  de- 
struction since  that  date;  then  they 
gave  the  total  of  new  ship  construction 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       61 

since  that  date.     Then  they  compared 
the  two,  and  the  comparison  did  not 
look  so  bad — 11,827,572  tons  sunk 
against  6,606,275  new  tons  built. 

But  what  the  public  do  not  realize, 
and  what  the  British  Admiralty  realize 
but  avoid  pointing  out,  is  this:  these 
totals  include  thirty  months  when 
the  submarine  was  working  "re- 
stricted," working,  that  is  to  say,  at 
only  about  one-third  of  its  capacity; 
and  only  eleven  months  when  the  sub- 
marine was  operating  "unrestricted." 
This  arrangement  of  figures  looks 
plausible  enough;  but  in  truth  no  bet- 
ter arrangement  could  be  invented 
from  which  to  derive  misleading  to- 
tals, misleading  averages,  and  to  ac- 
quire a  most  dangerously  misleading 
impression  that,  while  the  submarine 
is  pretty  serious,  it  is  not  ultimately 
terrifying. 

The  true  time  to  begin  with  the  fig- 


62       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

ures  is  February  1,  1917,  the  date 
when  the  submarine  began  to  operate 
"unrestricted."  We  are  not  able  to 
begin  there  because  the  British  Ad- 
mirahy  did  not  give  the  figures  by 
months,  but  merely  by  quarters.  But 
take  the  figures  as  they  are  given  to 
us;  give  the  Admiralty  the  benefit  of 
a  "restricted"  month,  and  begin  with 
January  1,  1917.  Here  are  the  re- 
sults for  the  year  1917: 

Number  of  new  tons  built  .      .  2,703,355 
Number  of  tons  sunk  by  sub- 
marine     6,623,623 

There  you  have  the  true  situation. 
As  a  matter  of  fact,  it  is  somewhat 
worse  than  this,  for  these  figures,  as 
has  been  said,  include  one  month  when 
the  submarine  was  operating  "re- 
stricted," at  about  one-third  of  its  ca- 
pacity. The  fact  is  that  during  the 
year  1917,  when  the  submarine  was 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       63 

working  at  full  capacity — working  the 
way  in  which  we  are  fairly  entitled  to 
make  deductions  (because  that  is  the 
way  it  is  going  to  be  working  until 
the  war  ends) — during  that  period  the 
submarine  sank  two  and  a  half  tons 
to  every  one  ton  built. 

To  such  a  relation  between  sinkings 
and  new  building  there  can  be  only 
one  end,  and  that  end  will  be  a  tragic 
one  for  us  unless  the  relation  is 
changed.  And,  on  the  day  when  this  is 
written,  April  1,  1918,  the  relation  has 
not  materially  changed.  So  far  as  it 
has  changed  at  all,  it  has  changed  for 
the  worse,  because  England  and  the 
United  States  have  both  been  falling 
down  tragically  in  the  work  of  new 
construction. 


XV 

TT  is  given  out  from  various  author- 
-*-  ties  that  we  are  doing  better  in  the 
way  of  beating  off  the  submarine. 
And  we  are.  There  can  be  no  crit- 
icism of  the  activities  of  our  Navy  De- 
partment and  the  British  navy,  in  the 
way  of  protection.  The  gallantry 
and  ingenuity  of  both  navies  in  hunt- 
ing the  submarine  down  form  one  of 
the  most  cheering  chapters  of  the  war. 
It  is  not  any  magic  new  device  that  is 
capturing  or  checking  the  submarine. 
There  isn't  any  magic  device,  although 
the  newspapers  have  occasionally 
printed  cryptic  news  which  may  well 
have  led  a  part  of  the  public  to  sup- 
pose a  specific  remedy  for  the  sub- 
marine has  been  invented.     No,  it  is 

64 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       65 

only  the  use  of  all  the  old  devices  to 
the  highest  degree  of  effectiveness. 
And  particularly,  it  is  energy  and 
courage  on  the  part  of  the  officers 
and  crews. 

The  only  tested  way  to  meet  the  sub- 
marine is  the  way  that  enemies  and 
danger  have  always  been  met,  if  met 
successfully — by  hunting  it,  by  search- 
ing it  out  and  chasing  it  up  and  down 
the  ocean.  It  is  being  met  not  so 
much  by  any  easy,  patented  protection, 
as  by  aggressive  pursuit  of  it. 

And  yet  withal,  the  final,  solemn  un- 
escapable  fact  is  that  the  submarine 
today,  with  our  navy  and  the  British 
navy  both  pursuing  it,  is  doing  just 
about  as  much  damage  to  the  Allies, 
all  the  factors  considered,  as  it  did 
more  than  a  year  ago  with  only  the 
British  navy  opposing  it.  The  thing 
we  lose  sight  of  is  that,  while  our  de- 
fensive  improves,   the  submarine  of- 


66       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

fensive  improves  too,  and  at  a  rate 
that,  for  practical  purposes,  all  fac- 
tors considered,  is  step  by  step  with 
our  defence. 

When  we  talk  about  the  real  offset 
to  the  submarine,  the  building  of  new 
ships,  there  is  no  answer  to  it  except 
a  humiliating  searching  of  hearts. 
Barring  the  warnings  which  were  is- 
sued during  the  early  days  of  the  war, 
by  former  Chairman  Denman  of  the 
Shipping  Board,  the  Government  has 
fed  to  us  and  to  itself  the  most  fatal 
kind  of  optimism. 

One  who  has  been  on  the  ground, 
who  has  studied  the  conditions,  and 
who  has  no  motive  to  feed  the  people 
with  false  incentives  to  hope,  is  able 
to  say  that  we  are  falling  down  on  the 
estimates  that  have  been  given  as 
necessary  to  meet  the  need.  The  fixed 
fact  of  history  is  that  during  1917, 
and    right   up   to    the   present,   we — 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       67 

meaning  by  "we"  not  merely  the 
United  States  but  all  the  Allies,  and 
all  the  neutrals  as  well — we  have  been 
building  less  than  half  as  many  ships 
as  the  submarine  has  been  destroying. 
As  a  matter  of  history,  this  opulent 
United  States,  with  all  its  facilities  and 
resources,  during  the  month  of  Jan- 
uary, 1918,  built  only  52,000  gross 
tons.  And  England  built  only  a  little 
more,  about  58,000  tons.  And  that  is 
all  that  was  built.  (The  building  of 
ships  in  other  Allied  and  neutral  coun- 
tries has  become  negligible.)  Of  the 
destruction  by  submarines  during  that 
month,  the  figures  have  not  been  given 
out;  but  if  it  was  an  average  month, 
the  submarine  sunk  just  about  five 
times  as  many  tons  as  were  built. 


XVI 

MOST  of  our  talk  has  been  of  our 
44  9?  C4T»  95         • 

program.         rrogram      is    a 

word  of  the  future  and  is  tolerant  of 
loose  talk.  It  is  in  the  world  of  hope, 
luck  and  blue  sky.  The  President  sev- 
eral months  ago  spoke  of  "the  6,000,- 
000  tons  we  will  build  in  1918."  We 
shall  not  build  them.  The  Chairman 
of  the  Shipping  Board,  Mr.  Hurley, 
has  spoken  of  4,000,000  or  5,000,000. 
We  shall  not  build  them.  We  shall 
not  build  more  than  3,000,000  tons. 
And  3,000,000  tons  is  not  enough  to 
avert  calamity. 

What  we  are  doing,  primarily,  is  not 
building  ships,  but  getting  ready  to 
build  ships.     Mr.  Hurley  knows  this, 

and  is  sensible  enough  to  say  so.     Be- 
es 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       69 

fore  the  Senate  Committee  he  testified: 
"The  work  thus  far  has  been  in  many 
cases  preparatory,  and  has  carried 
with  it  the  usual  amount  of  annoyances 
and  disappointments." 

We  are  engaged  in  an  effort  to  in- 
crease, within  a  year,  our  ship-build- 
ing capacity  between  1,200  and  1,500 
per  cent.  That  is  an  immense  task, 
and  confusion  has  attended  it.  We 
are  not  a  shipping  nation  any  more 
than  we  are  a  military  nation,  and  we 
are  going  through  the  awkward  stum- 
blings of  learning  at  one  and  the  same 
time  to  fight  on  land  and  swim  on 
water.  But  although  we  are  not  a 
shipping  nation  we  are  decidedly  sup- 
posed to  be  a  business  nation.  And 
it  is  in  the  field  of  business  that  we 
have  fallen  down.  Our  vital  mistakes 
have  occurred  not  in  aquatics  but  in 
the  field  of  business  organization. 
Mr.  Hurley  recited  one  in  his  testi- 


70       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

mony  before  the  investigating  com- 
mittee of  the  Senate: 

"We  sent  two  tourist  sleeping  cars 
loaded  with  men  for  Western  ship- 
yards a  short  while  ago,  and  we  were 
asked  to  give  them  priority  to  get  them 
out  there.  And  then  the  Eastern  ship- 
yards went  out  there  and  employed 
riveters  away  from  those  very  yards  on 
the  Pacific  Coast.  .  .  .  The  new  ship- 
yards starting  in  different  localities 
impaired  the  efficiency  of  the  old-es- 
tablished yards,  because  they  went  out 
and  hired  men  away  from  each  other. 
The  new  yard  would  give  a  bonus  to  a 
man  to  get  him  to  work  for  them,  and 
take  him  away  from  the  other  yard." 

That  is  to  say,  men  who  are  building 
ships  have  been  hired  away  to  build 
yards  in  which  to  get  ready  to  build 
ships. 

Now  that  sort  of  blundering  has 
nothing    to    do    with    aquatics.     No 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       71 

amount  of  knowledge  of  shipping,  or 
experience  in  it,  would  have  taught 
us  how  to  avoid  that  particular  kind 
of  inefficiency.  The  qualities  of  or- 
ganization that  apply  to  all  big  busi- 
ness are  the  ones  that  have  been  miss- 
ing in  that  kind  of  mistake.  One  be- 
gins to  be  dubious  about  the  "busi- 
ness efficiency"  America  has  boasted 
about. 

Another  of  the  causes  of  our  woeful 
delay  in  getting  down  to  business  in 
ship-building  was  described  by  Mr. 
Homer  Ferguson,  President  of  the 
Newport  News  Shipbuilding  Com- 
pany, one  of  the  big  companies  relied 
upon  to  construct  the  larger  items  in 
our  program.  Newport  News,  at  the 
time  we  went  to  war,  was  a  comfortable 
little  city  of  30,000.  A  year  later  it 
had  60,000  people,  with  all  the  inde- 
scribable confusion  of  new  streets,  new 
sewers,  and  new  houses  that  results 


72       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

when  a  town  more  than  doubles  its 
population  in  a  few  months.  Was  the 
increase  in  population  due  to  an  in- 
crease in  ship-building  capacity?  If 
it  were,  there  would  be  comfort  in  the 
confusion.  It  was  not.  The  primary 
cause  of  this  boom  was  the  action  of 
the  War  Department  in  creating, 
alongside  this  little  city  devoted  to 
shipbuilding,  a  new  army  encamp- 
ment, with  all  its  demands  on  labour 
and  housing.  "Our  situation  was 
rendered  ridiculous,"  said  Mr.  Fergu- 
son to  the  Senate  Committee,  "by  this 
action  of  the  War  Department.  ...  I 
have  information  this  morning  that 
they  could  not  get  any  water  in  the 
shipyard.  The  army  has  15,000 
horses  there,  all  using  water,  and  we 
have  20,000  soldiers  there  using 
water. 

"We   have   the   Navy   Department 
work,  which  we  are  directed  to  expe- 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       73 

dite  in  every  possible  way,  and  we 
have  the  Shipping  Board  work,  which 
we  are  directed  to  expedite  as  much  as 
possible;  and  in  the  same  week  I  have 
instructions  from  either  one  of  the 
Government  departments  to  give  their 
work  priority,  and  in  the  meantime 
the  very  people  we  are  trying  to 
serve  are  absorbing  the  facilities  we 
must  have  for  our  people  in  order  to 
do  this  work.  ...  I  took  this  mat- 
ter up  with  the  Secretary  of  War,  and 
wrote  him  a  letter,  and  discussed  it 
with  everybody  in  Washington  I  could 
discuss  it  with,  and  the  Secretary  is 
investigating  and,  I  understand,  pro- 
poses to  put  up  some  temporary  quar- 
ters for  the  soldiers  and  the  regular 
officers." 

When  this  was  stated  to  the  com- 
mittee Senator  Johnson  said:  "That 
indicates  lack  of  management  and  ut- 
ter lack   of  co-operation?"   and   Mr. 


74       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

Ferguson  replied:  "It  is  due  to  the 
fact  that  the  people  have  the  power  to 
arbitrarily  give  orders  without  know- 
ing the  consequences  of  the  orders  they 
give." 

Senator  Johnson  added:  "And 
without  knowing  who  else  gives 
orders?" 

"Yes,  Sir,"  replied  Mr.  Ferguson. 

Here  with  all  the  map  of  the  United 
States  to  choose  from,  the  War  De- 
partment selected,  as  the  place  to 
build  a  cantonment  (with  all  its  de- 
mands on  local  labour  and  housing), 
a  small  city  which  was  already  relied 
upon  by  the  navy  and  the  Shipping 
Board  to  expand  to  double  its  size  in 
taking  care  of  the  requirements  of 
those  two  departments. 

The  answer,  of  course,  is  that  these 
three  departments  had  never  been 
brought  together.  There  was  no  cen- 
tral planning  and  co-ordination — no 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       75 

"top-planning."  It  has  not  been  in- 
experience in  ship-building  that  has 
caused  the  worst  blunders.  It  has 
been  a  lack  of  those  qualities  of  busi- 
ness administration  in  which  America 
has  so  long  boasted  her  pre-eminence. 


XVII 

T  HAVE  dwelt  upon  the  necessity  for 
•*-  more  tonnage.  And  by  more  ton- 
nage, I  mean  new  tonnage,  tonnage  ac- 
quired through  work. 

To  a  certain  extent  the  responsible 
officials  have  been  deluding  themselves 
and  the  public  by  a  process  of  beating 
the  devil  around  the  stump.  When 
Secretary  Baker  was  asked  by  the 
Senate  Investigating  Committee  how 
he  would  be  able  to  send  to  France  so 
large  a  number  of  troops  as  he  had 
said  he  would  send,  he  disclosed  the 
fact  that  among  other  devices  he 
hoped  to  be  able  to  get  some  ships 
from  the  Japanese.  And  it  was  a  fact 
that   negotiations    with   the   Japanese 

were  imder  way  at  that  time.     But  im- 
76 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       77 

mediately  thereafter  there  arose  the 
crisis  which  made  it  necessary  for  the 
Japanese  to  consider  their  own  prob- 
lem of  possibly  taking  an  army  of 
their  own  to  Siberia.  Finally,  when 
the  negotiations  came  to  an  end,  all 
that  Japan  gave  us  was  250,000  tons, 
about  a  two-weeks  meal  for  the  sub- 
marine. So  long  as  you  rely  on 
makeshifts  of  this  kind,  the  accidents 
are  apt  to  run  counter  to  your  hopes. 
The  Dutch  ships  have  been  taken 
over;  but  the  Dutch  ships  were  just  as 
available  for  most  of  the  Allied  serv- 
ice when  they  were  neutral  as  when 
they  are  under  United  States  registry. 
Much  has  been  made  of  the  taking 
over  of  the  German  and  Austrian  in- 
terned ships.  But  all  this  is  mere  ex- 
pedient. It  provides  no  new  resource. 
It  is  the  sort  of  thing  a  man  does  when 
bankruptcy  threatens  him;  he  digs  up 
little  stores  from  here  and  there.     But 


78       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

the  only  thing  tliat  can  surely  save  him 
is  a  new  source  of  revenue.  And  the 
thing  that  we  must  have  is  a  continu- 
ously flowing  reservoir  of  new  ton- 
nage, with  a  flow  which  must  be  at 
least  as  great  as  the  rate  of  submarine 
destruction,  and  ought  to  be  very  much 
greater. 

There  is  nothing  for  it  but  new  ships 
from  new  ship-yards.  There  is  noth- 
ing for  it  but  work. 


XVIII 

THE  problem  is  primarily  one  of 
new  ships.  But  it  is  also  one  of 
ships  plus  speed  of  operation.  For  if 
a  ship  is  consuming  sixty  days  for  each 
round-trip,  and  you  cut  that  down  to 
thirty,  you  have,  in  effect,  double  the 
quantity  of  available  tonnage. 

The  director  of  operations  for  the 
United  States  Shipping  Board  is  Mr. 
Edward  F.  Carry.  As  he  was  testify- 
ing before  the  Senate  Investigating 
Committee,  Senator  Bankhead  asked 
him  this  question: 

"How  many  days  are  required  to 
make  the  round  trip  from  New  York 
and  back?" 

Mr.  Carry — "Under  normal  condi- 
tions you  mean?" 

79 


80       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

Senator  Bankhead — "Yes." 

Mr.  Carry — "They  ought  to  make  a 
round  trip  in  three  weeks.  Now  that 
the  congestion  is  so  great,  it  takes 
from  fifty  to  sixty  days  to  make  a 
round  trip." 

That  point,  so  grim  in  its  signifi- 
cance, passed  unnoticed  by  the  sena- 
torial investigators.  Consider  this: 
with  this  speed  of  operation,  it  takes 
about  one  ton  of  shipping  one  year  to 
carry  one  soldier  to  Europe.  That,  if 
you  reflect  upon  it,  is  appalling. 
Some  of  the  facts  that  make  it  ap- 
palling are  unescapable  and  must  be 
faced.  The  rest  arise  from  intoler- 
able inefficiency. 

One  of  the  seized  German  ships  now 
used  in  carrying  our  soldiers  to 
France,  has  a  tonnage  of  about  20,000. 
With  this  capacity  she  carries  about 
3,500  soldiers  per  trip.  To  carry  as 
many  soldiers  as  her  tonnage,  20,000, 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       81 

she  must  make  six  trips.  Under  pres- 
ent conditions  she  is  making  at  the 
rate  of  just  six  trips  a  year.  She  con- 
sumes sixty  days  for  each  round  trip. 
She  ought  to  make  it  in  less  than  thirty 
days.  When  she  was  operated  by  her 
German  captain  and  his  Hamburg- 
American  crew  she  used  to  make  the 
round  trip  in  three  weeks.  The  dif- 
ference between  sixty  days  and  twenty- 
one  days  is  not  wholly  accounted  for 
by  war.  The  submarine  is  not  re- 
sponsible for  all  of  that. 

To  be  sure,  a  fast  passenger  ship 
cannot  go  at  top  speed  because  she 
must  keep  step  with  her  convoy.  But 
that  only  accounts  for  a  few  days. 
The  difference  between  sixty  days  and 
thirty  days  is  the  difference  between 
Hamburg-American  management  and 
unhyphenated  American  management. 
It  is  the  difference  between  German 
efficiency  and — where  did  we  hear  that 


82       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

phrase  before — American  efficiency. 
As  a  Washington  official  said  in  the 
safety  of  private  conversation:  "The 
great  American  bluff  is  being  called, 
and  the  show-down  isn't  pretty  to  look 
at.  We  are  turning  out  to  be  two- 
spots;  and  in  a  show-down  two-spots 
are  valuable  only  when  found  in  a 
rigidly  limited  order  and  arrange- 
ment." 

We  used  to  laugh  a  good  deal  at 
Russia  about  the  congestion  at  Arch- 
angel. Returning  travellers  and  the 
newspapers  used  to  tell  us  about  the 
acres  and  acres  of  supplies  piled  up 
on  the  docks,  and  for  miles  back  of 
the  docks,  both  at  Archangel  and  Vla- 
divostok, without  adequate  transporta- 
tion facilities  to  get  them  to  the  front, 
where  they  were  needed.  We  used  to 
say,  with  kindly  tolerance,  that  Russia 
wasn't  a  grown-up  nation,  that  she 
hadn't  developed  the  genius  for  or- 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       83 

ganization.  Well,  within  a  few 
months  that  Russian  situation  is  going 
to  be  duplicated  in  the  United  States. 
We  are  making  guns,  rifles,  shells,  air- 
planes, and  other  supplies  many  times 
as  fast  as  we  can  possibly  transport 
them  to  the  only  point  where  they  are 
of  any  use.  Mr.  Hurley  says  there 
are  munitions  now  in  the  United 
States,  already  manufactured,  which 
will  not  reach  France  for  two  years, 
because  of  the  lack  of  ships. 

Everything  comes  back  to  ships. 
This  nation  is  manufacturing  muni- 
tions at  the  rate  of  five  times  the  carry- 
ing capacity  of  our  shipping.  We  are 
turning  out  some  millions  of  tons  of 
goods  which  are  of  use  only  at  one 
spot  on  the  earth's  surface,  the  battle 
front  in  France.  And  we  have  not 
got,  because  we  did  not  plan  and  co- 
ordinate, one-fifth  the  amount  of  ship- 
ping necessary  to  carry  those  muni- 


84       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

tions  to  the  spot  where  they  must  go. 
It  is  as  if  we  had  built  a  huge  factory 
with  only  a  two-by-five  door  out  of 
which  to  move  the  finished  product 
and  with  only  a  narrow-gauge  rail- 
road and  a  donkey  engine  to  get  it  to 
market. 

The  result  is  going  to  be  worse  than 
you  will  realize  unless  you  reflect 
upon  it.  The  stuff  is  going  to  pile 
up  on  our  docks,  and  back  up  on  our 
switches,  and  congest  our  railroads  to 
the  point  of  paralysis,  and  our  great 
war  machine  will  have  to  slow  down 
before  it  has  fairly  got  under  way. 
The  consequences,  economic  and  mili- 
tary, are  going  to  be  extremely  seri- 
ous. And  they  will  be  on  us  in  only 
a  few  weeks. 

It  is  just  a  year  ago  the  sixth  of 
next  month  that  we  began  to  manufac- 
ture shells  and  guns.     And  it  is  only 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       85 

today  that  we  are  trying  frantically  to 
get  the  men  to  build  the  yards  to  build 
the  ships  to  carry  these  shells  and  guns 
to  France. 


XIX 

EVERYTHING  comes  back  to  this 
one  word — ships.  The  recent 
order  of  President  Wilson  and  Mr. 
Hoover,  enforcing  a  reduced  consump- 
tion of  wheat,  was  called  a  food  order. 
In  reality  it  had  to  do,  not  willi  a 
scarcity  of  food,  but  with  the  scarcity 
of  ships.  The  wheat  is  there — mil- 
lions of  bushels  of  it,  but  there  are  no 
ships  to  carry  it.  Thereby  hangs  one 
of  the  most  picturesque  incidents  of 
the  war. 

Three  years  ago  the  Australian 
Government  bought  and  contracted 
for  all  the  wheat  crop  of  that  country. 
Then  it  bought  some  twenty-one  ships 
to  carry  the  wheat  to  Europe.  But  the 
submarine  has  had  its  way  with  those 

86 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       87 

ships,  and  today  not  more  than  four  or 
five  of  them  are  left.  Meantime  the 
wheat  has  been  piling  up  along  the 
Australian  docks  and  railroads. 
They  put  some  of  it  in  sacks,  made 
walls  of  the  sacked  wheat,  and  poured 
the  rest  williin  the  walls. 

Along  the  railroads  in  the  interior 
of  Australia  there  were  great  bins  of 
wheat  ten  or  twenty  feet  high  and 
wide,  and  more  than  ten  miles  long. 
Soon  mice  appeared.  They  began  to 
gnaw  through  the  bags,  and  the 
hempen  walls  collapsed.  Under  such 
favourable  conditions,  the  mice  mul- 
tiplied until  they  became  a  plague. 
The  Government  put  its  shoulder  to  the 
perfectly  serious  business  of  fighting 
mice.  It  had  special  ways  of  catch- 
ing them,  and  crews  of  men  with 
specially  constructed  incinerators. 
Night  after  night  they  burned  five  to 
ten  tons   of  mice   in   a   single  night. 


88       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

But  the  mice  continued  to  increase. 
On  the  soil  of  Australia,  for  a  few 
days,  man's  age-long  contest  with  the 
forces  of  nature  became  an  acute 
pitched  battle.  Man  won  a  respite 
only  when  some  mysterious  law  of  na- 
ture brought  a  plague  upon  the  mice, 
a  disease  described  as  a  sort  of  soft 
ringworm.  Then  the  mice,  fleeing 
from  the  infection,  deserted  the  wheat 
piles  and  ravaged  the  fields,  so  that 
the  new  crop  of  Australian  wheat  is 
only  a  fraction  of  what  normally  it 
ought  to  be. 

Meantime,  men  who  had  been  try- 
ing to  salvage  the  piled-up  wheat  were 
infected  by  the  disease  whose  germs 
had  been  left  in  the  wheat  by  the  de- 
parting mice.  From  the  workmen  the 
infection  spread  to  their  families  and 
neighbors.  That  is  the  story  as  given 
to  me  by  an  Australian  official.  It 
ought  to  be  tempting  to  some  writer 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!        89 

who  has  the  talent  to  do  it  justice  and 
the  leisure  to  get  more  of  the  details. 
There  in  Australia — about  as  far 
away  from  the  battle  fields  as  you  can 
get  and  remain  on  this  earth — is  a 
sort  of  huge  cancer,  a  direct  result  of 
the  war — more  specifically  a  direct 
result  of  the  famine  in  ships,  a  direct 
result  of  the  submarine. 


XX 

THE  war  is  3000  miles  away  from 
us.  You  can  tell  the  nature  of 
a  man  by  the  way  he  speaks  of  this 
3000  miles.  To  the  timid  it  gives  an 
agreeable  sense  of  security.  To  the 
half-hearted,  it  is  a  source  of  satisfac- 
tion. To  those  who  hope  there  will  be 
a  negotiated  peace,  or  that  the  war 
will  be  ended  somehow  without  our 
making  any  serious  sacrifice,  this 
3000  miles  is  an  advantage.  But  to 
the  brave  this  distance  is  not  a  safe- 
guard ;  it  is  a  difficulty.  If  we  really 
want  to  fight,  if  we  wish  to  be  in  the 
war,  if  we  want  to  come  to  grips  with 
the  enemy,  then  this  three  thousand 
miles  is  our  greatest  handicap. 

90 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       91 

If  there  were  such  a  thing  as  calling 
for  a  miracle  and  getting  it,  if  an 
omnipotent  being  should  do  the  one 
thing  that  would  help  us  most  toward 
throwing  all  our  strength  against  Ger- 
many, the  thing  he  would  do  would  be 
this:  He  would  pick  up  this  conti- 
nent of  ours  and  set  it  down  along  side 
France,  New  York  touching  Havre, 
Savannah  touching  Bordeaux.  Pic- 
ture how  that  would  change  the  face 
of  the  war.  But  there  is  no  answer 
to  a  prayer  except  it  starts  from  our 
own  hearts;  and  the  only  miracle  that 
springs  to  our  help  in  time  of  des- 
perate need  is  the  miracle  of  our  own 
capacity  when  necessity  makes  us  dip 
the  bucket  to  the  very  bottom  of  the 
resources  within  ourselves.  Never- 
theless the  truth  is  this  particular 
miracle  can  be  approximated.  We 
can  put  across  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
what  in  effect  would  be  a  bridge  join- 


92       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

ing  us  to  France.  We  can,  if  we  go  to 
the  highest  of  our  energies  and  the 
deepest  of  our  resources,  build  ships 
so  many,  so  fast  and  so  co-ordinated 
that  soldiers  and  supplies  can  go  on  to 
the  battle-front  as  expeditiously  as  if 
the  two  continents  were  touching. 
But  we  can  only  achieve  this  by  the 
uttermost  effort  of  our  capacities. 

William  James  has  an  allusion  to 
the  familiar  phenomenon  called  "sec- 
ond-wind," that  higher  and  quicker 
functioning  of  lungs  and  heart  and 
spirit  which  comes  to  us  only  after  we 
have  exhausted  what  is  our  ordinary 
best.  Ordinarily  we  pass  into  second- 
wind  only  when  there  is  the  stimulus 
of  some  terrible  need,  when,  we  are 
pursued  by  a  devil  of  desperation. 
But  James'  essay  makes  the  point  that 
in  place  of  a  devil  of  desperation,  we 
can  substitute  our  own  will-power,  if 
we  have  the  will-power;  that  all  of  us, 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       93 

if  our  wills  were  strong  enough  and 
well-disciplined  enough  could  go 
through  life  on  second-wind  all  the 
time.  The  occasional  man  who  does 
this  becomes,  in  the  eyes  of  the  in- 
dolent rest  of  us,  a  sort  of  super-man. 
But  all  of  us  can  do  it.  If  this  crisis 
of  shipping  could  be  made  vivid 
enough  to  us,  we  would  see  in  it  just 
such  a  devil  of  menace  as  would 
stimulate  us  to  our  second-wind. 

Some  one  of  our  ancestors  who 
invented  the  metaphors  which  still 
form  the  bulk  of  our  figures  of  speech, 
spoke  of  "the  crack  of  doom,"  hence 
we  all  think  of  doom  as  something 
that  comes  with  a  crash,  something 
that  startles  us  and  is  easily  recogniza- 
ble. The  truth  is  that  only  occasion- 
ally does  doom  come  in  that  way. 
It  generally  comes  gradually,  fur- 
tively, by  the  slow,  unnoticed  disin- 
tegration of  one  prop  after  another. 


94       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

It  is  only  the  completed  thing,  the  ac- 
cumulated product  that  makes  a 
noise.  It  is  hardly  of  the  nature  of 
doom  to  announce  itself  with  trum- 
pets. It  is  part  of  the  devilishness  of 
most  forms  of  doom  that  they  creep 
upon  us. 

I  wonder  would  this  situation  reach 
our  hearts  if  we  should  send  couriers 
through  the  country  like  Paul  Revere, 
calling  out  "two  to  one;  two  to  one"; 
if  we  should  have  the  police  in  the 
cities  warn  each  home  just  as  he  would 
give  warning  of  fire  or  of  flood ;  if  we 
should  adopt  a  code  for  all  our  bells 
and  whistles  and  gongs,  and  sound 
them  as  we  do  when  fire  threatens. 
The  menace  is  not  less  great,  only  the 
nature  of  it  is  such  that  it  appears 
distant,  furtive  and  scattered. 

Mr.  Edward  A.  Filene,  an  official 
of  the  United  States  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce, is  a  citizen  who  has  grasped 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       95 

this  situation,  and  is  doing  what  he 
can  to  make  others  see  it.  He  travels 
about  the  country,  calling  meetings  of 
citizens,  and  pointing  out  that  tliis 
business  of  shipbuilding  is  a  work  not 
merely  for  the  men  who  handle  rivets 
and  swing  sledges  and  receive  wages 
from  the  ship-yard,  that  it  is  the  con- 
cern of  everybody,  and  that  everybody 
can  find  a  way  to  help. 

One  of  his  suggestions  has  appealed 
to  me  especially  because  it  is  a  means 
of  bringing  average  citizens  into  di- 
rect and  vital  participation  in  the 
work.  He  points  out  that  in  many 
cases,  the  sudden  expansion  of  ship- 
building activity  near  a  city,  and  the 
congestion  of  labour  on  the  water- 
front, has  more  or  less  paralysed  the 
ordinary  street-car  facilities  which 
carry  workmen  from  their  homes  to 
the  shipyard;  and  he  suggests  that  the 
private   owners   of  automobiles  take 


96      WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

to  themselves  the  task  of  carrying  the 
men  to  and  from  their  work. 

I  like  this  because  it  provides  a  way 
for  the  maximum  number  of  people 
to  volunteer.  It  is  of  the  nature  of 
the  things  we  do  in  an  emergency,  and 
what  is  needed  is  that  we  should  all 
recognize  that  it  is  an  emergency,  just 
as  much  an  emergency  as  if  a  fire 
were  sweeping  the  town. 

We  should  do  our  best,  and  we 
are  not  doing  our  best.  At  the  end  of 
a  year  of  war  we  have  a  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  men  building  ships. 
We  ought  to  have  a  million.  We 
should  build  ships  and  ships  and 
ships.  And  then  we  should  build 
faster  ships.  And  after  that  we 
should  build  more  ships.  We  should 
build  steel  ships  and  wooden  ships 
and  concrete  ships  and  composite 
ships.  We  should  build  anything  that 
will  float.     If  it  is  not  adapted  to  de- 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       97 

fence  against  the  submarine,  we  can 
use  it  to  bring  manganese  from  Brazil 
for  our  guns  and  rubber  from  Ceylon 
for  our  military  trucks. 

Not  only  must  we  maintain  that 
line  of  ships  between  ourselves  and 
our  little  newborn  army.  There  is  an- 
other need  just  as  essential.  En- 
dowed as  this  country  is  for  the  manu- 
facture of  munitions,  there  are  a  few 
essential  elements  which  we  have  not 
got,  or  have  in  insufficient  quantity; 
we  are  compelled  to  bring  these 
across  water.  Among  them  are 
manganese  and  rubber  and  chrome 
and  nitrates  and  hemp.  We  cannot 
have  too  many  ships.  There  is  no 
such  thing  as  too  many  ships.  If  a 
Cajun  fisherman  in  the  swamps  of 
Louisiana  can  hollow  out  a  log  big 
enough  to  float  a  bale  of  sisal  hemp 
across  from  Yucatan  by  all  means 
urge  him  to  do  it. 


98       WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

In  San  Francisco,  two  business  men, 
who  had  no  more  responsibility  for 
the  situation  than  the  general  respon- 
sibility of  all  of  us,  and  who  had  no 
experience  in  ship-building,  have 
made  possible  an  experiment  in  ships 
built  of  concrete.  They  ventured  the 
very  large  sum  of  money  required,  and 
hired  a  house  architect  to  make  the  ex- 
periment. At  the  time  this  book  is 
written,  the  tests  are  not  yet  complete, 
for  while  the  structure  is  afloat  it  has 
not  yet  been  tried  with  the  engines  at 
work  in  it.  If  the  experiment  is  suc- 
cessful, it  will  be  an  important 
achievement,  for  it  adds  a  new  and 
easily  procured  material  to  the  limited 
number  out  of  which  ships  can  be 
built.  But  apart  from  all  that,  the 
spirit  of  the  group  who  made  the  ex- 
periment is  the  important  thing. 
That  is  the  kind  of  spirit  that  will 
master  the  emergency. 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!       99 

There  is  a  way  in  which  all  can 
help.  It  must  be  accepted,  that  any 
one  who  can  help  will  want  to  help, 
for  such  a  belief  rests  upon  our  faith 
in  human  nature.  Every  one  can 
help  by  saving  the  last  available  bit 
of  man-power  for  the  building  of 
ships.  We  have  a  given  quantity  of 
man-power  in  the  country.  It  cannot 
be  increased  or  stimulated.  Famine 
in  it  cannot  be  escaped,  and  all  other 
famines  and  scarcities  go  back  to  this 
one  famine. 

Upon  the  reserves  of  man-power 
war  has  already  made  enormous  de- 
mands. To  consider  but  one  ex- 
ample, the  aviation  department  of 
our  army,  when  we  entered  the  war, 
a  year  ago,  consisted  of  eleven  officers 
and  seventy-five  men.  Today  it  con- 
sists of  over  a  hundred  thousand  men. 
That  is  an  increase  of  more  than  ten 
thousand  per  cent.     The  increases  in 


100     WAKE  UP  AMERICA! 

other  essential  military  activities  are 
on  the  same  scale,  and  all  these  in- 
creases must  come  from  the  same  fixed 
quantity  of  man-power. 

Under  these  circumstances  the 
thing  that  any  thoughtful,  patriotic 
person  must  do  is  to  avoid  the  use 
of  any  man-power  that  he  can 
possibly  get  along  without.  Such  a 
determination  will  express  itself 
chiefly  in  refusal  to  use  luxuries. 
Some  of  our  luxuries  come  from 
abroad.  In  coming  from  abroad  they 
consume  ship  space  which  otherwise 
could  be  carrying  wheat  and  bullets  to 
France.  And  the  rest  of  our  luxur- 
ies, made  in  this  country,  consume 
man-power  which  otherwise  could  be 
building  ships. 

During  the  Napoleonic  wars,  there 
was  a  fine  old  Scotch  Presbyterian 
preacher  who,  from  his  pulpit  in 
Edinburgh    used    to    pour   forth    the 


WAKE  UP  AMERICA!      101 

stores  of  his  eloquence  in  order  that 
he  might  keep  his  people  in  fortitude 
and  right  faiths  of  living  during  that 
twenty-six  years'  strain  of  contest 
against  autocracy.  Once  Thomas 
Chalmers  said:  "If  I  were  a  states- 
man I  should  not  hesitate  to  deprive 
my  countrymen  of  the  last  of  their 
luxuries,  so  long  as  the  first  of  their 
liberties  were  in  danger." 


THE   END 


PRINTED    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES    OF    AMERICA 


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and  Allegiance 

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Where  Do  You  Stand? 

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An  Appeal  to  the  Girls— „ 
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-    i 
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